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Hearing Loss, Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
“To prevent children with both conditions from slipping through cracks, investigators are mapping out the overlap to gain insights into how even subtle auditory problems without hearing loss may hinder communication skills. And they are beginning to
optimize diagnostic instruments and interventions for deaf and hard of hearing children with autism. “Earlier diagnosis of autism could help parents and teachers be aware of additional support a deaf child with autism might need in order to acquire language,” Shield says.
Key points about ADHD and Autism in Deaf/Hard of Hearing children:
Studies indicate a higher rate of both ADHD and Autism diagnoses among deaf and hard of hearing children compared to the general population.
Diagnostic Challenges:
Identifying ADHD or Autism in deaf children can be difficult because some behaviors that might be considered symptoms, like difficulty following instructions or not making eye contact, could also be related to hearing loss and not necessarily indicative of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Language Acquisition Issues:
Delays in language development due to hearing loss can contribute to difficulties in social interaction and communication, which are key areas assessed in both ADHD and Autism diagnoses.
Overlapping Symptoms:
Certain behaviors like inattention, impulsivity, repetitive movements, and difficulties with social cues can be present in both ADHD and Autism, further complicating diagnosis.
Importance of Specialized Assessment:
When evaluating a deaf or hard of hearing child for ADHD or Autism, it’s crucial to use assessment tools designed to account for their hearing abilities and communication methods, often involving sign language interpretation.
Potential signs of ADHD or Autism in a deaf or hard of hearing child:
● Difficulty following instructions
● Excessive fidgeting or movement
● Challenges with social interaction and reciprocity
● Difficulty with transitions or changes in routine
● Restricted interests or repetitive behaviors
● Poor eye contact
● Delayed language acquisition
● Difficulty with sensory processing
According to the National Deaf Children’s Society:
“When children have more than one additional need, it’s important to consider both and how they interact with each other. Both deafness and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can have a significant impact on communication and language, social learning and impulsivity, and mental well-being.”
● Difficulties with social communication and interaction, for example avoiding eye contact, not drawing parents’ attention to objects or events, difficulty understanding other people’s feelings or emotions.
● Repetitive behaviours, activities and routines, for example fixating on particular things, or being resistant to change.
● An over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, touch, tastes, smells, light, colours, temperatures or pain, for example startling easily or appearing to find noise painful.
Furthermore, what does research tell us about sign language acquisition of children who are born deaf, to deaf parents, (DOD)? Because of early exposure to visual language during crucial developmental language years, DOD have an advantage over deaf children born to hearing families. As we know from data, most (about 94%) of children who are born deaf are born to hearing parents, who most likely haven’t learned a signed language to communicate with their child. The implications could be language deprivation in the critical language development years, 0-age 5. However, DOD are provided a visual form of language, ASL or other form of signed language and develop language in a similar way as their hearing peers.
On the other hand, if a DOD child has autism, ADHD or another concomitant disability that would hinder their ability to visually focus and maintain attention on the visual language, then language acquisition may become hindered even in DOD children.
What can be done:
● Early Intervention:
Early identification and intervention are critical for children with hearing loss who may also show signs of ADHD or Autism.
● Comprehensive Evaluation:
Thorough assessment by a qualified professional familiar with deafness and developmental disorders is essential.
● Communication Support:
Utilizing sign language interpreters and visual aids can greatly enhance communication and assessment processes.
● Tailored Interventions:
Treatment plans should be designed to address specific needs related to both hearing loss and any diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder, including behavioral therapies, communication strategies, and assistive technology.
Citations::
Morere, D. A., Allen, T. E., Jaeger, M., & Winthrop, D. (Year). Sign language delays in deaf 3- to 5-year-olds with deaf parents. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376413205_Sign_language_delays_in_deaf_3-_to_5-year-olds_with_deaf_parents
Madhusoodanan, J. (2020, August 12). Confusion at the crossroads of autism and hearing loss.
The Transmitter.
https://www.thetransmitter.org/spectrum/confusion-at-the-crossroads-of-autism-and-hearing-loss/